ARTICLES

Criminal > Bns

Husband or relative of husband of woman subjecting her to cruelty.

Author :       Posted On : 2024-01-04 00:00:00


Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or Section 84 of the Bharathya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) deals with the criminal offense of cruelty against the woman by her husband or by her husband's relatives. This section was introduced to address the issue of dowry-related harassment and cruelty against married women in India.


Section 498A of the IPC / Section 84 of the BNS

Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.— Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

  • Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, “cruelty” means—
  • (a) any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman;
  • or
  • (b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.

Nature of Offense: This section is primarily concerned with acts of cruelty or harassment committed by a husband or his relatives against the wife. Cruelty, as defined in this context, includes both mental and physical harm. The section is non-bailable, and the police can arrest the accused without a warrant based on a complaint filed by the victim or her relatives.

Punishment The punishment for an offense under above Section includes imprisonment for a term that may extend up to three years and a fine. The provision is cognizable, non-bailable, and allows the police to arrest the accused without a warrant based on a complaint filed by the victim or her relatives.

Scope of Relatives: The section applies not only to the husband but also to his relatives. This includes parents, siblings, and other family members who may be accused of subjecting the woman to cruelty.

Dowry Context: While not explicitly mentioned in the section, the backdrop of dowry-related harassment is implicit. The provision aims to address situations where cruelty is inflicted on a woman due to dowry demands or disputes.

Criminal > Evidence

Salient Features of Evidence Act

Author :       Posted On : 2024-01-04 00:00:00


Evidence Act is essential to remember the circumstances, objects, and people that prove the sequence of events in an act to establish the truth. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, is still appropriate for India’s current legal system.

In India, the Evidence Act is applicable to all court proceedings. Court martials are also included in this term. Affidavits filed with a court or before an officer are examples of exceptions, as are proceedings before arbitrators.

The Act and the development of criminal law go hand in hand.

Regarding the latest developments in technology, the applicability of electronic evidence is also examined.

The Indian Evidence Act recognizes the relative importance of first-hand witness testimony over hearsay. This reinforces the significance of concrete, authentic evidence.

Additionally, the law of evidence recognizes and makes provisions for the distinctions between civil and criminal law.

The Act also states whether a fact can be proven, refuted, or left unproven based on the evidence at hand.

In criminal cases, where one party is accusing the other, the prosecution bears the burden of proof; in civil cases, the burden of proof is with the plaintiff seeking relief.

The Evidence Act of 1872 makes clear the conditions under which the burden of proof is shifted by a particular fact.

Under the 1872 Act, suspects’ confessions made outside of court are not considered credible evidence against the accused.

The Act uses the phrase “court may presume” to validate circumstances, giving the judicial officer the discretion to accept or reject particular evidence.

Conversely, phrases such as “must presume” impose an obligation on the judge to accept particular evidence while leaving no room for discretion.

In terms of court evidence, the Act is not definitive. Additional laws, such as the Code of Civil Procedure, the Indian Penal Code, the Indian Stamps Act, etc., also supplement relevant provisions.

Criminal > Ipc

Guidelines issued by the Hon'ble Supreme Court to the law-enforcing authorities to take action against mob violence.

Author :       Posted On : 2024-02-28 00:00:00


The petitioner a social activist has filed a writ petition to take immediate and necessary action against the cow protection groups indulging in violence and further to issue a direction to remove the violent contents, from the social media uploaded and hosted by the groups.

In Tehseen S. Poonawalla Versus Union of India and others, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has laid down guidelines in para No.40 as follows

  1. Preventive Measures
    1. The State Governments shall designate, a senior police officer, not below the rank of Superintendent of Police, as Nodal Officer in each district. Such Nodal Officer shall be assisted by one of the DSP rank officers in the district for taking measures to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching. They shall constitute a special task force so as to procure intelligence reports about the people who are likely to commit such crimes or who are involved in spreading hate speeches, provocative statements and fake news.
    2. The State Governments shall forthwith identify Districts, Sub-Divisions and/or Villages where instances of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past, say, in the last five years. The process of identification should be done within a period of three weeks from the date of this judgment, as such time period is sufficient to get the task done in today's fast world of data collection.
    3. The Secretary, Home Department of the concerned States shall issue directives/advisories to the Nodal Officers of the concerned districts for ensuring that the Officer In-charge of the Police Stations of the identified areas are extra cautious if anyinstance of mob violence within their jurisdiction comes to their notice.
    4. The Nodal Officer, so designated, shall hold regular meetings (at least once a month) with the local intelligence units in the district along with all Station House Officers of the district so as to identify the existence of the tendencies of vigilantism, mob violence or lynching in the district and take steps to prohibit instances of dissemination of offensive material through different social media platforms or any other means for inciting such tendencies. The Nodal Officer shall also make efforts to eradicate hostile environment against any community or caste which is targeted in such incidents.
    5. The Director General of Police/the Secretary, Home Department of the concerned States shall take regular review meetings (at least once a quarter) with all the Nodal Officers and State Police Intelligence heads. The Nodal Officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP any inter-district co-ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues at the State level.
    6. It shall be the duty of every police officer to cause a mob to disperse, by exercising his power under Section 129 of CrPC, which, in his opinion, has a tendency to cause violence or wreak the havoc of lynching in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.
    7. The Home Department of the Government of India must take initiative and work in co-ordination with the State Governments for sensitising the law enforcement agencies and by involving all the stake holders to identify the measures for prevention of mob violence and lynching against any caste or community and to implement the constitutional goal of social justice and the Rule of Law.
    8. The Director General of Police shall issue a circular to the Superintendents of Police with regard to police patrolling in the sensitive areas keeping in view the incidents of the past and the intelligence obtained by the office of the Director General. It singularly means that there should be seriousness in patrolling so that the anti-social elements involved in such crimes are discouraged and remain within the boundaries of law thus fearing to even think of taking the law into their own hands.
    9. The Central and the State Governments should broadcast on radio and television and other media platforms including the official websites of the Home Department and Police of the States that lynching and mob violence of any kind shall invite serious consequence under the law. (x) (xi) (xii)
    10. It shall be the duty of the Central Government as well as the State Governments to take steps to curb and stop dissemination of irresponsible and explosive messages, videos and other material on various social media platforms which have a tendency to incite mob violence and lynching of any kind.
    11. The police shall cause to register FIR under Section 153A of IPC and/or other relevant provisions of law against persons who disseminate irresponsible and explosive messages and videos having content which is likely to incite mob violence and lynching of any kind.
    12. The Central Government shall also issue appropriate directions/advisories to the State Governments which would reflect the gravity and seriousness of the situation and the measures to be taken
  2. Remedial Measures
    1. Despite the preventive measures taken by the State Police, if it comes to the notice of the local police that an incident of lynching or mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police station shall immediately cause to lodge an FIR, without any undue delay, under the relevant provisions of IPC and/or other provisions of law.
    2. It shall be the duty of the Station House Officer, in whose police station such FIR is registered, to forthwith intimate the Nodal Officer in the district who shall, in turn, ensure that there is no further harassment of the family members of the victim(s).
    3. Investigation in such offences shall be personally monitored by the Nodal Officer who shall be duty bound to ensure that the investigation is carried out effectively and the charge-sheet in such cases is filed within the statutory period from the date of registration of the FIR or arrest of the accused, as the case may be.
    4. The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC within one month from the date of this judgment. In the said scheme for computation of compensation, the State Governments shall give due regard to the nature of bodily injury, psychological injury and loss of earnings including loss of opportunities of employment and education and expenses incurred on account of legal and medical expenses. The said compensation scheme must also have a provision for interim relief to be paid to the victim(s) or to the next of kin of the deceased within a period of thirty days of the incident of mob violence/lynching. (v) (vi) (vii)
    5. The cases of lynching and mob violence shall be specifically tried by designated court/Fast Track Courts earmarked for that purpose in each district. Such courts shall hold trial of the case on a day to day basis. The trial shall preferably be concluded within six months from the date of taking cognizance. We may hasten to add that this direction shall apply to even pending cases. The District Judge shall assign those cases as far as possible to one jurisdictional court so as to ensure expeditious disposal thereof. It shall be the duty of the State Governments and the Nodal Officers in particular to see that the prosecuting agency strictly carries out its role in appropriate furtherance of the trial.
    6. To set a stern example in cases of mob violence and lynching, upon conviction of the accused person(s), the trial court must ordinarily award maximum sentence as provided for various offences under the provisions of the IPC.
    7. The courts trying the cases of mob violence and lynching may, on application by a witness or by the public prosecutor in relation to such witness or on its own motion, take such measures, as it deems fit, for protection and for concealing the identity and address of the witness.
    8. The victim(s) or the next of kin of the deceased in cases of mob violence and lynching shall be given timely notice of any court proceedings and he/she shall be entitled to be heard at the trial in respect of applications such as bail, discharge, release and parole filed by the accused persons. They shall also have the right to file written submissions on conviction, acquittal or sentencing.
    9. The victim(s) or the next of kin of the deceased in cases of mob violence and lynching shall receive free legal aid if he or she so chooses and engage any advocate of his/her choice from amongst those enrolled in the legal aid panel under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
  3. Punitive Measures
    1. Wherever it is found that a police officer or an officer of the district administration has failed to comply with the aforesaid directions in order to prevent and/or investigate and/or facilitate expeditious trial of any crime of mob violence and lynching, the same shall be considered as an act of deliberate negligence and/or misconduct for which appropriate action must be taken against him/her and not limited to departmental action under the service rules. The departmental action shall be taken to its logical conclusion preferably within six months by the authority of the first instance.
    2. In terms of the ruling of this Court in Arumugam Servai v. State of Tamil Nadu 21 , the States are directed to take disciplinary action against the concerned officials if it is found that (i) such official(s) did not prevent the incident, despite having prior knowledge of it, or (ii) where the incident has already occurred, such official(s) did not promptly apprehend and institute criminal proceedings against the culprits.

TOPICS